Ubuntu 20.04/21.04 64-bit RISC-V lanzado para QEMU, placas HiFive - CNX Software

Vamos a entusiasmarnos mucho con la arquitectura abierta RISC-V, pero aún queda mucho trabajo por hacer para llevar el ecosistema al nivel de la arquitectura Arm o x86 desde el silicio hasta el software. El progreso se realiza paso a paso y uno de estos pasos son las imágenes RISC-V (RISCV64) de Ubuntu de 64 bits lanzadas por Canonical para algunas placas SiFive HiFive, así como el emulador de código abierto QEMU.

Específicamente, Canonical lanzó una imagen de Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS para HiFive Unleashed & QEMU y una imagen de Ubuntu 21.04 para HiFive Unleashed, HiFive Unmatched y QEMU. Tenga en cuenta que esas son solo imágenes de servidor, y todavía no hay una imagen de escritorio como para Ubuntu 21.04 en Raspberry Pi 2/3/4.

Se ha podido ejecutar RISC-V Linux en QEMU durante al menos tres años, pero cuando lo intenté era un sistema mínimo basado en Busybox, así que intentemos de nuevo con Ubuntu 21.04 siguiendo las instrucciones proporcionadas en Discourse.

Tengo una computadora portátil AMD Ryzen con Ubuntu 20.04 y abrí una ventana de terminal para instalar primero las dependencias.

sudo apt install qemu-system-misc opensbi u-boot-qemu qemu-utils

1	sudo apt install qemu-system-misc opensbi u-boot-qemu qemu-utils

luego descargué y extrajo la imagen de Ubuntu 21.04 para HiFive Unmatched:

wget https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/21.04/release/ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img.xz
xz -dk ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img.xz

1 2	wget https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/21.04/release/ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img.xz xz -dk ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img.xz

Ahora podemos Ubuntu 21.04 RISCV64 en su máquina:

qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 1 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel /usr/lib/u-boot/qemu-riscv64_smode/uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device,netdev=eth0 -netdev user,id=eth0 -drive file=ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img,format=raw,if=virtio

qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 1 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel /usr/lib/u-boot/qemu-riscv64_smode/uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device,netdev=eth0 -netdev user,id=eth0 -drive file=ubuntu-21.04-preinstalled-server-riscv64+unmatched.img,format=raw,if=virtio

But it abruptly stops:

OpenSBI v0.8
   ____                    _____ ____ _____
  / __ \                  / ____|  _ \_   _|
 | |  | |_ __   ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
 | |  | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \|  _ < | |
 | |__| | |_) |  __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
  \____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|
        | |
        |_|

Platform Name       : riscv-virtio,qemu
Platform Features   : timer,mfdeleg
Platform HART Count : 1
Boot HART ID        : 0
Boot HART ISA       : rv64imafdcsu
BOOT HART Features  : pmp,scounteren,mcounteren
BOOT HART PMP Count : 16
Firmware Base       : 0x80000000
Firmware Size       : 92 KB
Runtime SBI Version : 0.2

MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222
MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109
PMP0    : 0x0000000080000000-0x000000008001ffff (A)
PMP1    : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (A,R,W,X)


U-Boot 2020.10+dfsg-1ubuntu0~20.04.2 (Jan 08 2021 - 13:03:11 +0000)

CPU:   rv64imafdcsu
Model: riscv-virtio,qemu
DRAM:  2 GiB
In:    uart@10000000
Out:   uart@10000000
Err:   uart@10000000
Net:   eth0: virtio-net#0
Hit any key to stop autoboot:  0 

Device 0: 1af4 VirtIO Block Device
            Type: Hard Disk
            Capacity: 3584.0 MB = 3.5 GB (7340032 x 512)
... is now current device
Scanning virtio 0:1...
Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
743 bytes read in 5 ms (144.5 KiB/s)
U-Boot menu
1:	Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic
2:	Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic (rescue target)
Enter choice: 1
1:	Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic
Retrieving file: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-1007-generic
182268553 bytes read in 269 ms (646.2 MiB/s)
Retrieving file: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-1007-generic
27355136 bytes read in 50 ms (521.8 MiB/s)
append: root=LABEL=cloudimg-rootfs ro earlycon
Unhandled exception: Load access fault
EPC: 00000000fffb6b26 RA: 00000000fff74b14 TVAL: 0000000000000000
EPC: 0000000080249b26 RA: 0000000080207b14 reloc adjusted

### ERROR ### Please RESET the board ###

OpenSBI v0.8

____ _____ ____ _____

/ __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|

| | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |

| | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |

| |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_

\____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|

| |

|_|

Platform Name : riscv-virtio,qemu

Platform Features : timer,mfdeleg

Platform HART Count : 1

Boot HART ID : 0

Boot HART ISA : rv64imafdcsu

BOOT HART Features : pmp,scounteren,mcounteren

BOOT HART PMP Count : 16

Firmware Base : 0x80000000

Firmware Size : 92 KB

Runtime SBI Version : 0.2

MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222

MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109

PMP0 : 0x0000000080000000-0x000000008001ffff (A)

PMP1 : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (A,R,W,X)

U-Boot 2020.10+dfsg-1ubuntu0~20.04.2 (Jan 08 2021 - 13:03:11 +0000)

CPU: rv64imafdcsu

Model: riscv-virtio,qemu

DRAM: 2 GiB

In: uart@10000000

Out: uart@10000000

Err: uart@10000000

Net: eth0: virtio-net#0

Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0

Device 0: 1af4 VirtIO Block Device

Type: Hard Disk

Capacity: 3584.0 MB = 3.5 GB (7340032 x 512)

... is now current device

Scanning virtio 0:1...

Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf

Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf

743 bytes read in 5 ms (144.5 KiB/s)

U-Boot menu

1: Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic

2: Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic (rescue target)

Enter choice: 1

1: Ubuntu 21.04 5.11.0-1007-generic

Retrieving file: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-1007-generic

182268553 bytes read in 269 ms (646.2 MiB/s)

Retrieving file: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-1007-generic

27355136 bytes read in 50 ms (521.8 MiB/s)

append: root=LABEL=cloudimg-rootfs ro earlycon

Unhandled exception: Load access fault

EPC: 00000000fffb6b26 RA: 00000000fff74b14 TVAL: 0000000000000000

EPC: 0000000080249b26 RA: 0000000080207b14 reloc adjusted

### ERROR ### Please RESET the board ###

Esto se debe a que Ubuntu 21.04 Hirsute no puede arrancar con la versión de u-boot-qemu proporcionada en Ubuntu 20.04 en este momento, solo se admite la versión en Ubuntu 21.04. Entonces, probemos la imagen de Ubuntu 20.04 RISC-V en su lugar:

 wget https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/20.04.2/relfacilidad / ubuntu-20.04.2-servidor-preinstalado-riscv64.img.xz
xz -dk ubuntu-20.04.2-servidor-preinstalado-riscv64.img.xz
qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 2 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel / usr / lib / u-boot / qemu-riscv64_smode /uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device, netdev = eth0 -netdev user, id = eth0 -drive file = ubuntu-20.04.2-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img, format = raw, if = virtio

wget https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/20.04.2/relfacilidad / ubuntu-20.04.2-servidor-preinstalado-riscv64.img.xz

xz -dk ubuntu-20.04.2-servidor-preinstalado-riscv64.img.xz

qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 2 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel / usr / lib / u-boot / qemu-riscv64_smode /uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device, netdev = eth0 -netdev user, id = eth0 -drive file = ubuntu-20.04.2-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img, format = raw, if = virtio

¡Bien! Después de unos minutos, podemos acceder a la línea de comandos usando el nombre de usuario y la contraseña de «ubuntu»:

OpenSBI v0.8
   ____                    _____ ____ _____
  / __ \                  / ____|  _ \_   _|
 | |  | |_ __   ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
 | |  | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \|  _ < | |
 | |__| | |_) |  __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
  \____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|
        | |
        |_|

Platform Name       : riscv-virtio,qemu
Platform Features   : timer,mfdeleg
Platform HART Count : 2
Boot HART ID        : 1
Boot HART ISA       : rv64imafdcsu
BOOT HART Features  : pmp,scounteren,mcounteren
BOOT HART PMP Count : 16
Firmware Base       : 0x80000000
Firmware Size       : 100 KB
Runtime SBI Version : 0.2

MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222
MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109
PMP0    : 0x0000000080000000-0x000000008001ffff (A)
PMP1    : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (A,R,W,X)


U-Boot 2020.10+dfsg-1ubuntu0~20.04.2 (Jan 08 2021 - 13:03:11 +0000)

CPU:   rv64imafdcsu
Model: riscv-virtio,qemu
DRAM:  2 GiB
In:    uart@10000000
Out:   uart@10000000
Err:   uart@10000000
Net:   eth0: virtio-net#0
Hit any key to stop autoboot:  0 

Device 0: 1af4 VirtIO Block Device
            Type: Hard Disk
            Capacity: 3584.0 MB = 3.5 GB (7340032 x 512)
... is now current device
Scanning virtio 0:1...
Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
631 bytes read in 2 ms (307.6 KiB/s)
U-Boot menu
1:	Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic
2:	Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic (rescue target)
Enter choice: 1
1:	Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic
Retrieving file: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-14-generic
160037936 bytes read in 250 ms (610.5 MiB/s)
Retrieving file: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-14-generic
20094612 bytes read in 47 ms (407.7 MiB/s)
append: root=LABEL=cloudimg-rootfs ro earlycon
Moving Image from 0x84000000 to 0x80200000, end=81622f80
## Flattened Device Tree blob at ff74bea0
   Booting using the fdt blob at 0xff74bea0
   Using Device Tree in place at 00000000ff74bea0, end 00000000ff74fe1d

Starting kernel ...

...
-----END SSH HOST KEY KEYS-----
[  263.760272] cloud-init[665]: Cloud-init v. 20.4.1-0ubuntu1~20.04.1 running 'modules:final' at Mon, 28 Jun 2021 04:36:41 +0000. Up 257.45 seconds.
[  263.773658] cloud-init[665]: ci-info: no authorized SSH keys fingerprints found for user ubuntu.
[  263.782580] cloud-init[665]: Cloud-init v. 20.4.1-0ubuntu1~20.04.1 finished at Mon, 28 Jun 2021 04:36:47 +0000. Datasource DataSourceNoCloud [seed=/var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud-net][dsmode=net].  Up 263.41 seconds

Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS ubuntu ttyS0

ubuntu login: ubuntu
Password: 
You are required to change your password immediately (administrator enforced)
Changing password for ubuntu.
Current password: 
New password: 
Retype new password: 
Bad: new password is too simple
New password: 
Retype new password: 
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.8.0-14-generic riscv64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

  System information as of Mon Jun 28 04:37:40 UTC 2021

  System load:           1.08
  Usage of /:            76.8% of 3.22GB
  Memory usage:          8%
  Swap usage:            0%
  Processes:             90
  Users logged in:       0
  IPv4 address for eth0: 10.0.2.15
  IPv6 address for eth0: fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456

0 updates can be installed immediately.
0 of these updates are security updates.


The list of available updates is more than a week old.
To check for new updates run: sudo apt update


The programs included with the Ubuntu system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Ubuntu comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by
applicable law.

To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
See "man sudo_root" for details.

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

OpenSBI v0.8

____ _____ ____ _____

/ __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|

| | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |

| | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |

| |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_

\____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|

| |

|_|

Platform Name : riscv-virtio,qemu

Platform Features : timer,mfdeleg

Platform HART Count : 2

Boot HART ID : 1

Boot HART ISA : rv64imafdcsu

BOOT HART Features : pmp,scounteren,mcounteren

BOOT HART PMP Count : 16

Firmware Base : 0x80000000

Firmware Size : 100 KB

Runtime SBI Version : 0.2

MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222

MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109

PMP0 : 0x0000000080000000-0x000000008001ffff (A)

PMP1 : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (A,R,W,X)

U-Boot 2020.10+dfsg-1ubuntu0~20.04.2 (Jan 08 2021 - 13:03:11 +0000)

CPU: rv64imafdcsu

Model: riscv-virtio,qemu

DRAM: 2 GiB

In: uart@10000000

Out: uart@10000000

Err: uart@10000000

Net: eth0: virtio-net#0

Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0

Device 0: 1af4 VirtIO Block Device

Type: Hard Disk

Capacity: 3584.0 MB = 3.5 GB (7340032 x 512)

... is now current device

Scanning virtio 0:1...

Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf

Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf

631 bytes read in 2 ms (307.6 KiB/s)

U-Boot menu

1: Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic

2: Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic (rescue target)

Enter choice: 1

1: Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 5.8.0-14-generic

Retrieving file: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-14-generic

160037936 bytes read in 250 ms (610.5 MiB/s)

Retrieving file: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-14-generic

20094612 bytes read in 47 ms (407.7 MiB/s)

append: root=LABEL=cloudimg-rootfs ro earlycon

Moving Image from 0x84000000 to 0x80200000, end=81622f80

## Flattened Device Tree blob at ff74bea0

Booting using the fdt blob at 0xff74bea0

Using Device Tree in place at 00000000ff74bea0, end 00000000ff74fe1d

Starting kernel ...

...

-----END SSH HOST KEY KEYS-----

[ 263.760272] cloud-init[665]: Cloud-init v. 20.4.1-0ubuntu1~20.04.1 running 'modules:final' at Mon, 28 Jun 2021 04:36:41 +0000. Up 257.45 seconds.

[ 263.773658] cloud-init[665]: ci-info: no authorized SSH keys fingerprints found for user ubuntu.

[ 263.782580] cloud-init[665]: Cloud-init v. 20.4.1-0ubuntu1~20.04.1 finished at Mon, 28 Jun 2021 04:36:47 +0000. Datasource DataSourceNoCloud [seed=/var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud-net][dsmode=net]. Up 263.41 seconds

Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS ubuntu ttyS0

ubuntu login: ubuntu

Password:

You are required to change your password immediately (administrator enforced)

Changing password for ubuntu.

Current password:

New password:

Retype new password:

Bad: new password is too simple

New password:

Retype new password:

Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.8.0-14-generic riscv64)

* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com

* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com

* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage

System information as of Mon Jun 28 04:37:40 UTC 2021

System load: 1.08

Usage of /: 76.8% of 3.22GB

Memory usage: 8%

Swap usage: 0%

Processes: 90

Users logged in: 0

IPv4 address for eth0: 10.0.2.15

IPv6 address for eth0: fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456

0 updates can be installed immediately.

0 of these updates are security updates.

The list of available updates is more than a week old.

To check for new updates run: sudo apt update

The programs included with the Ubuntu system are free software;

the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the

individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Ubuntu comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by

applicable law.

To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".

See "man sudo_root" for details.

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$

De hecho, estamos en un sistema RISC-V de 64 bits de doble núcleo, ya que utilicé la opción «smp 2» en la línea de comandos:

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor	: 0
hart		: 1
isa		: rv64imafdcsu
mmu		: sv48

processor	: 1
hart		: 0
isa		: rv64imafdcsu
mmu		: sv48

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/cpuinfo

processor : 0

hart : 1

isa : rv64imafdcsu

mmu : sv48

processor : 1

hart : 0

isa : rv64imafdcsu

mmu : sv48

Tenemos Ethernet funcionando correctamente:

ip address 
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global dynamic eth0
       valid_lft 79022sec preferred_lft 79022sec
    inet6 fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 scope site dynamic mngtmpaddr noprefixroute 
       valid_lft 86299sec preferred_lft 14299sec
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip address

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 52:54:00:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global dynamic eth0

valid_lft 79022sec preferred_lft 79022sec

inet6 fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 scope site dynamic mngtmpaddr noprefixroute

valid_lft 86299sec preferred_lft 14299sec

inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 scope link

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

Entonces pude SSH a mi computadora host, pero no pude SSH a la sesión QEMU. Así que cerré la instancia de Ubuntu RISC-V, agregué una redirección tcp para habilitar SSH en el puerto 2222 y reinicié QEMU.

qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 1 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel /usr/lib/u-boot/qemu-riscv64_smode/uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device,netdev=eth0 -netdev user,id=eth0,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 -drive file=ubuntu-20.04.2-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img,format=raw,if=virtio

qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -m 2048 -smp 1 -bios /usr/lib/riscv64-linux-gnu/opensbi/generic/fw_jump.elf -kernel /usr/lib/u-boot/qemu-riscv64_smode/uboot.elf -device virtio-net-device,netdev=eth0 -netdev user,id=eth0,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 -drive file=ubuntu-20.04.2-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img,format=raw,if=virtio

Podría iniciar sesión en QEMU a través de SSH de la siguiente manera:

jaufranc@cnx-laptop-4:~/edev/sandbox/ubuntu-risc-v$ ssh -p 2222 ubuntu@localhost
The authenticity of host '[localhost]:2222 ([127.0.0.1]:2222)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:XvWsfVDD4C4qaH0g1VU1mY47+tcGx6E0GRVjX5mORvM.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '[localhost]:2222' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
ubuntu@localhost's password: 
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.8.0-14-generic riscv64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

  System information as of Mon Jun 28 07:08:20 UTC 2021

  System load:           0.18
  Usage of /:            78.3% of 3.22GB
  Memory usage:          8%
  Swap usage:            0%
  Processes:             81
  Users logged in:       1
  IPv4 address for eth0: 10.0.2.15
  IPv6 address for eth0: fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456


0 updates can be installed immediately.
0 of these updates are security updates.


The list of available updates is more than a week old.
To check for new updates run: sudo apt update

Last login: Mon Jun 28 07:05:11 2021
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$